miRNA调控铁死亡在心血管损伤治疗中的机制研究进展

王慧颖, 陈圣启, 马玥, 高宇囡

【作者机构】 哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院心血管内科
【分 类 号】 R54
【基    金】 黑龙江省卫生健康委员会科研课题(202303030 10443) 哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院科技创新人才项目(HYDSYCXRC 202122)。
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miRNA调控铁死亡在心血管损伤治疗中的机制研究进展

miRNA调控铁死亡在心血管损伤治疗中的机制研究进展

王慧颖 陈圣启 马 玥 高宇囡

哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院心血管内科,黑龙江哈尔滨 150001

[摘要] 概述铁死亡及其相关miRNA在心血管损伤发生和发展中的作用机制,查阅并总结国内外关于铁死亡及其相关miRNA在心血管损伤发生、发展及预后中的基础和临床应用研究相关文献。总结竞争性内源RNA网络、外泌体传递及直接靶向关键分子调控铁死亡的多重途径及相关信号通路。铁死亡作为一种铁依赖的程序性细胞死亡形式,主要表现为铁代谢异常的脂质过氧化,在冠心病、心肌梗死、心肌缺血再灌注损伤等心血管损伤中发挥重要作用。miRNA作为一类内源性小型非编码RNA分子,可通过直接作用及转录调控基因表达,进而参与心血管损伤的病理进程。miRNA可通过铁死亡途径调控心血管损伤的发生和发展,为进一步研究心血管损伤相关疾病新靶点提供新思路,同时为疾病治疗提供新选择。

[关键词] 铁死亡;miRNA;心血管损伤;治疗策略

从2012年提出“铁死亡”这一术语以来,铁死亡作为一种新型的脂质过氧化所诱导的非凋亡调节性细胞死亡,逐渐成为心血管研究热点。铁死亡以亚铁离子累积、脂质过氧化物增多和抗氧化系统缺陷为主要特征,其调控失调已被证实与免疫失调、肿瘤和心血管损伤密切相关,由涉及不同分子和细胞器的分子网络控制[1-2]。近年来,铁死亡及其相关非编码RNA(特别是miRNA)在心血管疾病的发生、发展、耐药及预后中的作用越来越受到重视。

miRNA是一种长度约22 bp的非编码RNA。通过靶向结合mRNA的3’非翻译区,介导其降解或翻译抑制,在转录后水平调控基因表达,从而影响细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡[3]。miRNA在心血管系统的生理和病理过程中具有广泛调控作用,包括细胞凋亡、自噬、炎症反应和氧化应激等,与心血管损伤联系密切。近年来,miRNA的失调可能显著影响细胞生理功能,从而诱发和加速心血管疾病的发生及发展,其在病理生理学的作用得到广泛关注[4-7]

心血管损伤是指心脏及其相关血管在生理或病理状态下受到的任何形式损害或功能障碍,包括冠心病、心肌梗死、心肌缺血再灌注损伤等,是全球范围内导致死亡和残疾的主要原因之一,其发病机制复杂,涉及多种细胞死亡方式[8]

1 铁死亡

1.1 铁死亡的机制

生理状态下,铁代谢受多种相关蛋白及激素的调控[9]。亚铁离子过载时,膜铁转运蛋白减少铁摄入,铁蛋白重链1和轻链1可储存部分铁,维持铁稳态。

病理状态下,过量铁引发芬顿反应和哈勃-韦斯反应,产生大量羟自由基和活性氧,羟自由基直接与多不饱和脂肪酸发生连锁反应,引发脂质过氧化[10]。反应过程中,亚铁离子可作为脂氧合酶的辅助因子,提高催化活性[11]。铁死亡的重要分子标志物酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4(acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4)参与其中,将脂质过氧化物还原为脂质醇[12]

1.2 铁死亡的调节

铁死亡抑制剂如利普司他汀-1、铁调素-1和白藜芦醇通过减轻氧化应激抑制铁死亡[13-15]。葛根素可减轻H9C2心肌细胞在缺氧复氧过程中的损伤[16-17]。去铁胺螯合细胞内的游离铁,从源头上阻断活性氧生成。

高糖环境下敲低NADPH氧化酶2可减轻再灌注后心肌细胞的氧化应激和铁死亡[18]。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4的敲除或其拮抗剂的使用均可显著诱导铁死亡,Beclin1(酵母自噬基因Atg6/Vps30的同源基因)单倍剂量不足可使SLC7A11和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4水平上升,铁蛋白吞噬货物受体下降,从而抑制铁死亡[19];铁死亡抑制蛋白1在细胞中超常表达保护细胞,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4功能正常时,铁死亡抑制蛋白1通过NADPH催化CoQ10减少活性氧生成,抑制铁死亡[20];超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶的活性可在Nrf2/ARE信号通路中提高,进而减少活性氧;在大鼠心肌缺血再灌注前静脉注射海胆色素A可上调Nrf2及其下游基因的表达,降低线粒体中活性氧水平[21]。这些靶点和信号通路为miRNA靶向干预铁死亡提供理论依据。

2 miRNA

2.1 竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)机制

ceRNA调控网络包括lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA网络,circRNA/miRNA/mRNA网络。circRNA可与miRNA相互作用,影响miRNA靶标的水平,并形成ceRNA网络,广泛参与心肌细胞铁死亡[22]

对鉴定到的ceRNA网络靶点进行京都基因和基因组数据库term功能富集分析发现,circANKRD17/miR-182、circPVT1/miR-30a/d-5p、circSLC8A1/miR-338-3d与卷曲基因(frizzled,FZD)mRNA相互作用,富集在mTOR信号通路[23]。研究显示,Wnt/FZD信号通路在心肌肥大、纤维化、心肌梗死和心律失常等心血管损伤中发挥重要作用[24-25]。lncAABR07025387.1在缺血再灌注损伤大鼠H9C2心肌细胞中高表达,可吸附miR-205并反向调控表达,上调ACSL4介导的铁死亡[26]。Li等[27]通过建立心肌梗死模型,构建circRNA-miRNA-LRP6网络,显示circRNA1615通过吸附miR-152-3p调节LRP6的表达,最终调控心肌梗死的病理过程。血清中小细胞外囊泡包裹的SEMA5A-IT1 lncRNA水平与肌酸激酶-心肌束水平呈负相关,提示SEMA5A-IT1 lncRNA可上调miR-143-3p的表达以提高细胞存活率[28]

2.2 外泌体机制

人脐血间充质干细胞来源的外泌体可通过miR-23a-3p抑制二价金属离子转运蛋白1,从而抑制铁死亡和修复心肌细胞[29-30]。研究显示,铁死亡心肌细胞与巨噬细胞的外泌体通过miR-106b-3p促进巨噬细胞M1型极化促进心肌梗死[31]。缺氧心肌细胞外泌体升高活性氧和亚铁离子水平,同时抑制谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4表达,miR-208a和miR-208b抑制剂可显著阻断该效应[32]。此外,心脏微血管内皮细胞外泌体miR-210-3p通过抑制转铁蛋白受体1,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤[33]。这些研究结果为心血管损伤的治疗提供新思路和潜在靶点。

2.3 miRNA直接影响铁死亡关键分子

在心肌缺血再灌注损伤体外模型中,抑制miR-199a-5p可影响Akt/eNOS信号通路,提高H9C2细胞活力,从而抑制心肌铁死亡[34]。此外,在爱拉斯汀和RAS选择性致死分子3诱导的心肌细胞铁死亡模型中,miR-190a-5p可下调谷氨酰胺酶2的表达抑制铁死亡[35]。研究显示,miR-432-5p降低Nrf2的结合蛋白Keap1水平,改善大鼠心肌梗死[36]。在小鼠心肌梗死模型中,miR-214-3p抑制ME2促进心肌梗死过程中的铁死亡[37]。上述实验为心血管损伤治疗提供新思路。铁死亡相关miRNA见表1。

表1 铁死亡相关miRNA

3 展望

作为一种独特的调节性细胞死亡形式,铁死亡相关miRNA通过多种机制调控心肌细胞的存活与功能,减缓损伤进程或逆转心肌细胞的耐损伤性,在心血管损伤过程中发挥重要作用。与铁死亡相关的一系列miRNA可能通过调控心肌细胞存活与功能,减缓损伤进程或逆转心肌细胞的耐损伤性。结合相关研究,对铁死亡及其相关miRNA在心血管损伤发生、发展和预后中的作用进行总结,有助于进一步了解心血管损伤的发病机制,强调miRNA的治疗潜力。目前对miRNA的研究仍有限,针对这些关键miRNA进一步研究可为患者提供新的治疗方法。

利益冲突声明:本文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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Research progress on mechanism of miRNA regulation of ferroptosis in the treatment of cardiovascular injury

WANG Huiying CHEN Shengqi MA Yue GAO Yunan
Department of Cardiology,the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University,Heilongjiang Province,Harbin 150001,China

[Abstract] Overview of action mechanism of ferroptosis and its related miRNA in occurrence and development of cardiovascular injury,review and summarize relevant literature on basic and clinical application research of ferroptosis and its related miRNA in occurrence,development,and prognosis of cardiovascular injury at home and abroad.Summarize multiple pathways and related signaling pathways of competitive endogenous RNA networks,exosome delivery,and direct targeting of key molecules to regulate ferroptosis.Ferroptosis as an iron dependent form of programmed cell death,main manifestation is lipid peroxidation with abnormal iron metabolism,which plays an important role in cardiovascular injuries such as coronary heart disease,myocardial infarction,and myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.MiRNA as a type of endogenous small non coding RNA molecule,can participate in pathological process of cardiovascular injury by directly acting on and transcriptional regulating gene expression.MiRNA can regulate occurrence and development of cardiovascular injury through ferroptosis pathway,providing new ideas for further research on new targets of cardiovascular injury related diseases,and offering new options for disease treatment.

[Key words] Ferroptosis;MiRNA;Cardiovascular injury;Therapeutic strategies

[中图分类号] R54

[文献标识码] A

[文章编号] 1673-7210(2025)12(b)-0167-04

DOI:10.20047/j.issn1673-7210.2025.35.33

[基金项目] 黑龙江省卫生健康委员会科研课题(202303030 10443);哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院科技创新人才项目(HYDSYCXRC 202122)。

[作者简介] 王慧颖(2002.12-),女,哈尔滨医科大学第四临床医学院2024级内科学专业在读硕士研究生;研究方向:冠心病、高血压、心律失常、心力衰竭等疾病的诊治。

[通讯作者] 高宇囡(1983.9-),女,博士,硕士生导师;研究方向:冠心病、高血压、心律失常、心力衰竭等疾病的诊治。

(收稿日期:2025-07-27)

(修回日期:2025-09-05)

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