DOI:10.20047/j.issn1673-7210.25101399
中图分类号:R737.1
张冰, 张瑞丽
| 【作者机构】 | 新疆医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤中心 |
| 【分 类 号】 | R737.1 |
| 【基 金】 | 吴阶平医学基金会基金资助项目(320.6750.2025-06-173)。 |
肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌(muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma,MIUC)是一类生物学行为高度侵袭、预后较差的泌尿系统恶性肿瘤[1]。尽管根治性膀胱切除术联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术可使MIUC患者5年肿瘤特异性生存率达50%~70%,但其创伤较大,且仍有约50%的患者在5年内发生复发或转移[2-3]。以经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术为基础联合同步放化疗的保膀胱综合治疗,可在严格筛选MIUC患者中获得50%~60%的5年总体生存率,与根治性手术相当[4]。即使接受根治性或保膀胱治疗,MIUC患者5年总体生存率仍处于50%~60%,局部晚期或转移性患者的中位生存期为12~15个月[5]。因此,亟须新的生物标志物以改进预后评估和个体化治疗。
免疫治疗和靶向治疗的进展为实体瘤治疗带来新突破,其中程序性死亡配体1(programmed deathligand 1,PD-L1)与肿瘤免疫逃逸及不良预后密切相关[5];人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)过表达已被报道与肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭及淋巴结转移相关[6]。现有研究多关注单一分子标志物,PD-L1和HER-2在MIUC中的表达特征尚缺乏系统研究;而外周血炎症及营养相关指标,如中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-tolymhocyte ratio,PLR)及预后营养指数(prognostic nutritional index,PNI)已在多种实体瘤中显示出预后价值[7-8]。因此,本研究通过分析PD-L1、HER-2表达及外周血NLR、PLR对MIUC患者预后的影响,旨在为MIUC的预后评估及免疫、靶向治疗提供依据。
回顾性分析2020年1月至2024年6月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治的140例MIUC患者的临床资料。纳入标准:①经病理明确诊断为MIUC,发生部位包括肾盂、输尿管及膀胱;②有PD-L1、HER-2、PLR、NLR等外周血检测结果且临床资料完整。排除标准:①既往有严重内科合并症;②合并其他恶性肿瘤病史。本研究经新疆医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(K202512-15)。
①查阅临床病历系统,收集MIUC患者的一般资料,包括性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤直径、盆腔淋巴结转移情况、治疗方式(手术、放疗、化疗、免疫治疗、靶向治疗)等,其中年龄、肿瘤直径等计量资料参考既往研究进行分组转换[9-10]。②NLR、PLR、PNI等血液学指标数据采集于术前1周内。NLR定义为外周血中性粒细胞计数与淋巴细胞计数之比;PLR定义为血小板计数与淋巴细胞计数之比;PNI计算公式为:PNI=血清白蛋白(g/L)+5×淋巴细胞计数(×109/L)。③样本经常规10%中性福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋,制备4 μm切片,行HE染色及免疫组织化学染色检测。采用Ventana Benchmark Ultra全自动免疫组化平台及配套pharmDx试剂盒(克隆号:SP263)完成PD-L1检测,严格按试剂盒说明书操作。对于PD-L1检测,以已知PD-L1阳性的足月胎盘组织为阳性对照;根据肿瘤细胞膜及免疫细胞着色情况判定阳性,满足以下任一标准定义为高表达:肿瘤细胞阳性率 ≥25%,或免疫细胞比例>1%且免疫细胞阳性率 ≥25%,或免疫细胞比例为1%且免疫细胞阳性率为100%[11]。对于HER-2检测,以已知HER-2阳性的乳腺癌组织为阳性对照,免疫组织化学染色法评分根据肿瘤细胞膜的染色强度和范围进行判定:染色范围与强度分为0~3+,其中1+判定为低表达,2+或3+判定为HER-2过表达[12]。由两名资深病理医师独立阅片并进行评分。
患者均采用电话、门诊结合的方式随访,以确诊MIUC的时间为随访起点,以患者死亡或截至2025年6月30日为随访终点,随访时间为0.5~275.0个月,平均随访(30.69±12.4)个月。根据生存结局将患者分为存活组与死亡组。
采用SPSS 27.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计数资料用例数或百分率表示,比较采用χ2检验。NLR、PLR及PNI的最佳截断值采用X-tile v3.6.1(耶鲁大学)确定。影响因素采用COX回归分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
根据截断值结果,将NLR分为低NLR组(<4.110,104例)、高NLR组( ≥4.110,36例);将PLR分为低PLR组(<153.300,76例)、高PLR组( ≥153.300,64例);将PNI分为低PNI组(<43.385 g/L,47例)、高PNI组( ≥43.385 g/L,93例)。见表1、图1。
图1 NLR、PLR、PNI的最佳截断值确定
表1 NLR、PLR、PNI最佳截断值
项目截断值χ2值P值NLR4.11017.413<0.001 PLR153.30011.7880.016 PNI43.38514.7510.004
注 NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;PLR:血小板与淋巴细胞比值;PNI:预后营养指数。
140例MIUC患者中26例死亡,死亡率为18.57%。两组盆腔淋巴结转移比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组性别、年龄、吸烟史、肿瘤直径及治疗方式比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
表2 两组一般资料比较[例(%)]
项目死亡组(26例)存活组(114例)χ2值P值性别 0.0570.812男17(65.38)83(72.81)女9(34.62)31(27.19)年龄(岁)0.0010.977<60 7(26.92)33(28.95)≥6019(73.08)81(71.05)吸烟史 3.3890.066无25(96.15)87(76.32)有1(3.85)27(23.68)盆腔淋巴结转移 30.475<0.001无5(19.23)90(78.95)有21(80.77)24(21.05)肿瘤直径(cm)0.1370.711<311(42.31)57(50.00)≥315(57.69)57(50.00)手术1.4870.223否2(7.69)2(1.75)是24(92.31)112(98.25)放疗 0.0030.957否15(57.69)66(57.89)是11(42.31)48(42.11)化疗 1.3790.240否6(23.08)38(33.33)是20(76.92)76(66.67)免疫治疗 0.2560.613否15(57.69)77(67.54)是11(42.31)37(32.46)靶向治疗 0.2340.629否24(92.31)109(95.61)是2(7.69)5(4.39)
两组HER-2、NLR、PLR、PNI比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组PD-L1比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
表3 两组PD-L1、HER-2、NLR、PLR、PNI比较[例(%)]
项目死亡组(26例)存活组(114例)χ2值P值PD-L10.1120.737低表达23(88.46)98(85.96)高表达3(11.54)16(14.04)HER-24.5720.032低表达14(53.85)36(31.58)高表达12(46.15)78(68.42)NLR13.229<0.001低12(46.15)92(80.70)高14(53.85)22(19.30)PLR7.1150.007低8(30.77)68(59.65)高18(69.23)46(40.35)PNI3.8640.049高13(50.00)80(70.18)低13(50.00)34(29.82)
注 PD-L1:程序性死亡配体1;HER-2:人表皮生长因子受体2;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;PLR:血小板与淋巴细胞比值;PNI:预后营养指数。
以MIUC患者生存结局为因变量(死亡=1,存活=0,时间=t),进行COX回归分析。结果显示,盆腔淋巴结转移、PLR升高、PNI降低是MIUC患者预后的影响因素(P<0.05)。见表4。
表4 MIUC患者预后的影响因素
单因素Cox分析多重共线性多因素Cox分析项目HR值(95%CI)P值容差方差膨胀因子HR值(95%CI)P值性别(男)0.551(0.215~1.407)0.213年龄( ≥60岁)0.981(0.399~2.412)0.967吸烟史(有)0.148(0.020~1.110)0.063盆腔淋巴结转移(有)6.136(2.238~16.824)<0.001 0.7131.4027.901(2.650~23.557)<0.001肿瘤直径( ≥3 cm)1.158(0.510~2.629)0.726 PD-L1(高表达)0.750(0.174~3.222)0.699 HER-2(高表达)0.385(0.167~0.884)0.0240.8271.2100.592(0.247~1.421)0.241 NLR(高)4.888(1.982~12.058)0.0010.6571.5231.084(0.382~3.082)0.879 PLR(高)4.207(1.636~10.818)0.0030.7141.4013.938(1.267~12.235)0.018 PNI(低)5.293(1.983~14.132)0.0010.6341.5775.373(1.674~17.245)0.005手术(是)0.780(0.336~1.812)0.563放疗(是)0.785(0.339~1.818)0.572化疗(是)1.120(0.407~3.081)0.826免疫治疗(是)0.685(0.275~1.709)0.417靶向治疗(是)0.680(0.275~1.709)0.299
注 PD-L1:程序性死亡配体1;HER-2:人表皮生长因子受体2;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;PLR:血小板与淋巴细胞比值;PNI:预后营养指数。
本研究分析MIUC患者PD-L1、HER-2表达及外周血炎症、营养指标对预后的影响,结果显示,盆腔淋巴结转移、PLR升高、PNI降低是MIUC患者预后的危险因素。本研究中MIUC患者PD-L1高表达率较低,为13.57%(19/140),其与MIUC患者预后无显著相关性。有研究显示,PD-L1高表达与MIUC不良预后相关[13-15];但本研究结论并不一致,可能是因为检测抗体、使用不同的染色平台及不同的评分体系(肿瘤细胞阳性比例评分与综合阳性评分)都会影响PD-L1高表达率及其与预后的相关性[16-18];而本研究依据国内专家共识界定PD-L1高表达,相对宽松的阈值可能削弱其与生存结局的关联性[11]。Zhang等[19]研究显示,当采用综合阳性评分 ≥10分作为阈值时,PD-L1高表达与更晚分期及更短OS显著相关。在真实世界临床实践中,MIUC患者的免疫治疗多与化疗、放疗或手术形成联合或序贯治疗模式,而非单一治疗干预[20]。因此,在这个过程中MIUC患者体内存在接受多种不同治疗形式所产生的复杂背景,很难得到仅以PD-L1预测预后效果的结论。综上所述,本研究结果更可能反映检测标准、治疗背景及样本量等因素的影响,而非否定PD-L1在免疫治疗反应预测中的潜在价值[21]。
本研究发现,MIUC患者HER-2高表达率较高。有研究显示,HER-2高表达与肿瘤侵袭性增强及复发风险升高相关[22-24]。新一代抗体药物偶联物在HER-2表达的尿路上皮癌中显示出较好的治疗前景,提示HER-2可能成为MIUC潜在治疗靶点,但这一结论仍需开展大量临床研究予以验证[25-28]。此外,本研究结果显示,PLR升高及PNI降低与MIUC患者较差的OS显著相关,提示系统性炎症增强及营养状态受损在肿瘤进展中发挥重要作用,这与相关研究结果一致[29-30]。但是,本研究仍存在单中心回顾性设计及样本量有限,结果可能存在偏倚等局限性,未来需通过多中心前瞻性研究进一步验证。
综上所述,MIUC患者预后受肿瘤分子特征及机体炎症与营养状态的共同影响。外周血PLR、PNI可用于预测MIUC患者的预后,也可进一步指导MIUC患者的临床治疗方案,从而有望改善患者预后。
利益冲突声明:本文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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Influence of PD-L1 and HER-2 expressions, as well as peripheral blood NLR and PLR on the prognosis of patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma
张冰(2002.7-),女,新疆医科大学第一附属医院2023级放射肿瘤学专业在读硕士研究生;研究方向:泌尿生殖肿瘤。
[通讯作者] 张瑞丽(1982.12-),女,博士,主任医师,硕士生导师,新疆医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤中心肿瘤二科副主任;研究方向:泌尿生殖肿瘤。
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